Business Management Environmental Analysis

Question: Examine about the Business Management Environmental Analysis. Answer: Presentation Depiction of the organization and applicable data PepsiCo is known as universes second biggest soda pop organization and the universes biggest potato chips selling brand. This report depends on investigation of PepsiCo Inc promoting techniques so as to accomplish huge spot. The report guzzles every single viable exertion attempted by PepsiCo so as to accomplish pertinent market development. PepsiCo was framed because of the joint endeavors of the Pepsi-Cola Company, Frito-Lay Inc. in the year 1965 to become PepsiCo Inc. Pepsi is referred to over the world as leader item and mark drink of PepsiCo Inc.'s. Tropicana was obtained by the organization in the year 1998 and it converged with The Quaker Oats Company in 2001. PepsiCo universal is accessible over the globe in 200 nations and domains producing income of almost $ 92 billion. The mission of PepsiCo is to become universes pioneer in purchaser item and to concentrate on turning into a helpful food and drink. It needs to become advertise pioneer by gaining a critical offer through c reating wellbeing drinks (Pepsico, 2017). The rationale of PepsiCo is to deliver sound benefits for the financial specialists and to make adequate of market open doors for achieving development and advancement (West, Ford Ibrahim, 2015). There thought process is to act with genuineness, decency and honesty while complying with the law and guidelines of the nations they are working in. The organization is known to make and known to sell assortment of salty and sweet grain based items, carbonated and non-carbonated beverages and different refreshments. The organization has achieved long haul manageable development through its operational exercises by making an upper hand through advancement (Rothaermel, 2015). The organization is intending to procure a colossal piece of the overall industry by growing business capacities; it developed at the pace of 5.5 percent in year 2006. PESTEL examination Pestle examination is a compelling model used to break down the full scale natural circumstance in a nation. It is utilized by significant nation to comprehend the neighborhood circumstance. Business can possibly develop if the organization is as of now mindful about the circumstance in the nation it is working. PepsiCo is a worldwide association with its capacity in excess of 200 nations. It is vital for an advertiser to break down the promoting circumstance so as to achieve wanted results. Political The items fabricated by PepsiCo are dependent upon the different neighborhood laws. The law administers food and security at better place. The law assume huge job in deciding eventual fate of PepsiCo henceforth it is fundamental to concentrate on the political highlights of a specific nation so as to develop. Land obtaining is one of the variables influencing the land procurement for another industry. Te administration of the nation is centered around making stricter strategies while keeping a check over the contamination. It is fundamental for an organization to consent to the different ecological laws so as to develop. The crude material cost involves incredible concern for the organization. The cost of crude material continues fluctuating which has caused an issue for the association. Monetary There are plentiful of developing open doors in different nations. Globalization has lead to incorporation of universes economy. It is basic to see that each organization needs to exploit from the worldwide financial conditions There is an adjustment in the fuel costs that has caused variance in the cost of item. Fuel costs are dependent upon the full scale natural components (Hoffman, Corbett, Joglekar Wells, 2014). The accessibility of work is dependent upon the economic situation. In a creating nation the work are effectively accessible while in a created nation it is hard to get modest works. It is fundamental for an organization like PepsiCo to think about the worldwide monetary point of view while extending business in different nations. Social PepsiCo utilizes part of water and it makes hurt condition from various perspectives. It is vital for an organization like PepsiCo to think about the social elements while thinking about nature also. It should concentrate on renewal of water. It is proposed that the organization should frame a coalition with the nearby ranchers which will causes a critical development. The organization should concentrate on strong waste water the board program which will help in achieving government managed savings. The organization has an immense measure of effect on the open henceforth it is important to set a positive blemish on the brain of the adolescent. This will help them I achieving a critical commercial center under a differentiated business condition. Innovative The organization works in practically all the nations. Right now PepsiCo is working in 200 Countries selling distinctive sort of food and refreshments. They have just presented another can and plastic containers in a short residency. There RD division is continually working by defining wanted objectives. They are creating alluring and fresher plans. Ecological Condition is vital given more inclination in the event of serving natural issues. It is important to observe the nearby and universal principles and rules as gave by the position. Lawful So as to maintain a strategic distance from the legitimate commitment it is important to keep a check over the lawful structure. PepsiCo Has to deal with the lawful commitment appended with the nation they are working in. Doorman five powers model The doorman five powers model is a significant device that is utilized for understanding the intensity of the business. It is a useful asset utilized by organizations so as to comprehend both the quality and shortcoming. Additionally the apparatus helps in dissecting the completive position it is thinking about (Banks, Vera, Pathak Ballard, 2016). Five powers examination help in expecting the five increasingly significant part of the organization so as to decide the serious intensity of the association (Tanwar, 2013). The different forces associated with the Porters five powers model is as per the following: Provider Power This assistance in dissecting the providers capacity to build the value identified with the ware. This specific factor is influenced by different components which legitimately rely on the uniqueness of the item and administrations. The less provider decisions accessible in advertise the more remarkable provider are a t (Gopaldas, 2015). Purchaser power The cost of the item is purchased down which is influenced by number of components like purchasers power. It relies upon the quality of each individual purchaser and their decision in connection with the item. The components influencing the expense of item rely on clients decision. If there should be an occurrence of scarcely any incredible purchasers the merchant needs to work as per them. Serious Rivalry There are number of elements influencing the floating intensity of the client. It is important to keep in account the capacity of the contender. This will help in similarly drawing in new administrations and items in any case providers and purchasers will change to some other item. Selling an item which has imposing business model in the market will help in achieving critical quality (Lawton, Doh Rajwani, 2014). Danger of replacement There are consistent danger from the substitute items accessible in t he showcase. The client can change to some other item in the event that if the item doesnt fulfill the purchaser. Individuals may change to another item either by doing it physically or through redistributing (Aggarwal Sharma, 2015). Danger of new section The intensity of purchaser is influenced by another passage. It is because of the capacity of new contender that can influence in general economic situations. The contenders can rapidly go into the market if there are less economies of scale, little assurance for key innovation. An individual at a solid situation than he can control the market position (Felin Powell, 2016). Watchman five powers examination in setting of PepsiCo It is because of the worldwide idea of the business that PepsiCo may confront different outer elements in its industry. Serious contention or rivalry (solid power) The coca cola is one of the quickest developing soda pop organizations that can present danger to the income of PepsiCo. The majority of the organizations in the food and refreshments segments are forceful and follows an imaginative promoting approach. PepsiCo is as of now contending with universal and nearby associations. This segment features that PepsiCo is confronting a significant level of rivalry from its opponent s (David, David, 2014). Haggling intensity of purchasers or clients (solid power) Clients are there top need according to their statement of purpose. The customers can undoubtedly move to some new item as there are numerous organizations giving comparable items. The degree of substitutes is exceptionally high causing a significant level of bartering power with the organization... it is important for them to maintain low costs in control to go up against others (Hill, Jones Schilling, 2014). Haggling intensity of providers (powerless power) It is prescribed that PepsiCo should attempt to set up productive relationship with the providers. The high generally speaking intensity of PepsiCo alternative in gaining crude material will help in decreasing the bartering intensity of the providers. Danger of substitutes or replacement (solid power) There are numerous organizations in the market selling comparable items. Subsequently it is important to look at the business well ahead of time as this will help in giving acceptable outcomes. The customers can without much of a stretch move to different items in the event that they are not happy with it. The outer components are representing an incredible danger on PepsiCo where there are numerous odds that an individual can change to some other item ((Luo, 2016). Danger of new contestants or new passage (moderate power) PepsiCo ought to stay solid regardless of there is probability of new firms going into the market. There is a moderate danger from the new firms as shopper can without much of a stretch move starting with one organization then onto the next. Anyway there are steadfast buyers who need Pepsi over the other nearby item due to

Comparison and Contrast Essay on the Narration of The Cask of Amontillado and The Black Cat Example For Students

Examination and Contrast Essay on the Narration of The Cask of Amontillado and The Black Cat Edgar Allen Poe is the creator of numerous extraordinary bits of writing. He utilizes his storytellers to clarify circumstances that are going on in their life. The storytellers of The Cask of Amontillado and The Black Cat exhibit their affection for keeps an eye on brutality to man and creatures through horrendous killings. In Cask of Amontillado, Montresor is the storyteller. The thousand of wounds of Fortunato he has borne as he best could; however when he adventures upon affront, Montresor promises retribution (Poe 528). As the story unfurls, Montresors thought of immaculate retribution is naturally exact and sensible in detail with respect to how he perpetrates his wrongdoing (Delaney 1). While at the jubilee, Montresor got probably the best Amontillado wine to use in his vindictive arrangement to kill Fortunato. He at that point meets his companion, Fortunato. Fortunato is wearing a tight fitting parti-striped dress and head is conquered by the funnel shaped top and ringers (Poe 528). By him wearing this outfit, makes it incredible for the storyteller since he is going to make a moron out of Fortunato. Montresor is a manipulative individual. He challenges Fortunatos connoisseurship on wine sampling and leads him to his family domain. At the point when they show up at the Montresor home, Montresor drives Fortunato down the steps into the sepulchers. Down here is the place the Amontillado Fortunato is going to taste and where the retribution of Montresor is going to happen. As he draw nearer and closer, the storyteller opens up increasingly more to how he is going to slaughter his companion. It sound like it is a planned homicide. Montresor appears to be unnoticeable to such an extent that he demonstrations like he thinks about Fortunato which is as yet a piece of his arrangement. Montresor makes another manipulative move and says we will return; your wellbeing is valuable (Poe 529). This is the way the storyteller demonstrations like he thinks about him, yet truly he is couldn't care less about him. So to keep adding wood to the fire, Montresor gives Fortunato some more wine to keep him alcoholic. Further down in the sepulchers, Fortunato clarifies that he is a Mason by flaunting unmistakable signs. Montresor on the otherhand is an artisan as well. He is a block artisan. He conveyed a trowel underneath the folds of his rolquelaire (Poe 529). Montresor submits murder in an awful manner. When he gets to the base of the tombs where the Amontillado is assume to be, Fortunato is very much inebriated. This is actually what Montresor needs. Montresor as of now has snares and chains in the divider where he is going to tie up his so call companion Fortunato. He says that he has chained him to the stone (Poe 530). The peruser may feel that Montresor is going to leave Fortunato to kick the bucket in the chains. Rather, Montresor moves a few bones off the beaten path and starts to divider the inebriated person up. This is the manner by which coldblooded Montresor is with regards to executing Fortunato. As the wine of Fortunato wears off, Montresor keeps directly on building. He never truly considers how wrong this is. He is simply out to seek retribution for the put-down of Fortunato. He at long last completes the divider with Fortunato behind it, secured chains holding tight his deathbed. Montresor is so resolved to make this homicide a total achievement that he makes the divider resemble the remainder of the dividers in the sepulchers. Against new brick work he reerects the old bulwark of bones (Poe 531). This is important to keep the appearance of the tombs unique on the off chance that he wouldn't like to get captured. .u3dd90ecf7883ca4dac999bab11ad1d98 , .u3dd90ecf7883ca4dac999bab11ad1d98 .postImageUrl , .u3dd90ecf7883ca4dac999bab11ad1d98 .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u3dd90ecf7883ca4dac999bab11ad1d98 , .u3dd90ecf7883ca4dac999bab11ad1d98:hover , .u3dd90ecf7883ca4dac999bab11ad1d98:visited , .u3dd90ecf7883ca4dac999bab11ad1d98:active { border:0!important; } .u3dd90ecf7883ca4dac999bab11ad1d98 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u3dd90ecf7883ca4dac999bab11ad1d98 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u3dd90ecf7883ca4dac999bab11ad1d98:active , .u3dd90ecf7883ca4dac999bab11ad1d98:hover { obscurity: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u3dd90ecf7883ca4dac999bab11ad1d98 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relati ve; } .u3dd90ecf7883ca4dac999bab11ad1d98 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content embellishment: underline; } .u3dd90ecf7883ca4dac999bab11ad1d98 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u3dd90ecf7883ca4dac999bab11ad1d98 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enhancement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3dd90ecf7883ca4dac999bab11ad1d98:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u3dd 90ecf7883ca4dac999bab11ad1d98 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u3dd90ecf7883ca4dac999bab11ad1d98-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u3dd90ecf7883ca4dac999bab11ad1d98:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: The activity of The Chosen unfurls in the foreigner network of Williamsburg, Brooklyn, against the scenery of World War II EssayMontresor polishes off the homicide and seeks retribution for the put-down of Fortunato. Operating at a profit Cat, the storyteller is obscure. Like Montresor, the Narrator is this character who goes from mental stability to craziness. This mental stability is accomplished through a progression of family occasions. In their outcomes, these occasions scares, torments, and wrecks the Narrator (Poe 522). The Narrator is hitched and has pets. They have fowls, gold-fish, a fine canine, hares, a li ttle monkey, and a feline (Poe 522). The felines name is Pluto. Rather than Montresors companion, Pluto, the feline, is the Narrators companion. Operating at a profit Cat the Narrator is a drunkard dissimilar to in The Cask of Amontillado the foe is the heavy drinker. After a few nighttimes of inebriation, savagery against his significant other and different pets, he turns on Pluto his companion. He holds onto the feline; when in his trepidation at the storytellers viciousness, the feline causes a slight injury upon the storytellers hand with his teeth (Poe 523). This is the place the storyteller permits the liquor do the speculation for him. He ventures into his pocket and pulls out a pen-blade, opens it, gets a handle on the poor brute by the throat, and intentionally cut one of its eyes from the attachment (Poe 523). Next he rests and awakens drinking once more. After the feline recuperates, he chooses to hang Pluto. He slips a noose about Plutos neck and drapes it to the appendage of a tree (Poe 523). He did it since he, as Montresor, feels no torment in tormenting his adversary and as a result of the liquor. The storyteller is out one day and finds a second feline that is like Pluto. Like Pluto, it has been denied of one of its eyes (Poe 525). The spouse of the storyteller prefers the feline. As the story develops, the Narrator in the long run starts to detest the new feline simply as he did Pluto. Like The Cask of Amontillado, the mercilessness of the homicide the storyteller submits occurs in the basement of his home. He goes to the basement one day and is nearly wrecked by the feline while strolling down the steps. This family unit occasion makes the Narrator upset. He gets a hatchet and plans to blow at the creature which, obviously, will demonstrate immediately lethal on the off chance that it plunges as he wishes (Poe 526). His significant other at that point steps in the manner to attempt to prevent him from harming the cat. Since she does this, he at that point takes the hatchet and cleaves her in the head. She is dead in a split second. The manner in which the proof of the homicide is concealed appears to be moderately typical during this timeframe. The Narrator endeavors to shroud the body in a divider in the basement. He expels the block and pins the body up in the divider. Next he utilizes mortar and block to divider up the body. He makes it look unique. In contrast to The Cask of Amontillado, operating at a profit Cat the police come searching for the missing spouse. While the police were searching for the body, the Narrator taps on the divider where the body is shrouded causing an uproarious yell a moaning screeches, half of loathsomeness and half of triumph from the missing feline (Poe 527). This provides the police the insight and quickly starts to tear down the divider to get to the body. The Narrator is in this manner got. The storytellers of The Cask of Amontillado and The Black Cat are similar however contrast from multiple points of view. They murder their adversaries with no regret at all towards them. At the point when they slaughter somebody, they endeavor to conceal them in dividers by bricking them up. The thing that matters is that in The Cask of Amontillado, Montresor watches Fortunato pass on gradually, a retribution slaughtering. Operating at a profit Cat, the Narrator murders his significant other in a flash because of her stepping in the method of him attempting to execute the feline.

Macroeconomics and Microeconomics,Government spending and Fiscal Essay

Macroeconomics and Microeconomics,Government spending and Fiscal Policy, Taxation, - Essay Example Issue with this measure is that it does exclude the products and enterprises that are not made open. 3. The US doesn't utilize levies and remote trade rates to control or impact its economy since they have marked an approach with the WTO which has banned them for leading such exercises so as to advance universal exchange. The fiscal strategy instrument is utilized to diminish or build the measure of capital inside an economy. The legislature receives an expansionary fiscal arrangement so as to build cash flexibly inside the nation and embraces a constriction one to make the contrary conceivable. The administration utilizes the instrument of duties to so as to increment and diminishing a specific financial movement from occurring. Expenses are exacted on singular products and ventures. Government may impact the business side of the economy when it utilizes the activity preparing and training device to impact economy. Financial arrangement majorly affects the economy of a nation as it doesn't impacts a specific segment of the economy, rather it impacts the whole populace and the their spending and sparing examples. 4. President Obama plans to diminish the spending shortage by diminishing government spending by a significant sum, comparative are the plans of Romney, however along this arrangement he even designs to diminish burdens so as to build spending which will eventually expand income and GDP. 5. Market is where purchasers and venders associate with one another to lead exchanges, guidelines are rules and rules set to control the exercises of purchasers and merchants to ensure that the two gatherings don't swindle one another. 6. Request is the quantity of merchandise and ventures that an individual is willing, capable and has the cash to purchase and gracefully is the measure of products and enterprises makers are, willing and ready to sell at a specific cost. Request and flexibly

Financial Analysis Of Coca Cola Company, Using Ratios - 550 Words

Coca-Cola vs. Pepsico-Reference From Coca-Cola Annual Report Analysis (Term Paper Sample) Content: FINANCIAL ACCOUNTINGNameCourse codeInstructorInstitutionCity/StateDateCoca cola vs. PepsiCo-reference from Coca-Cola annual report analysis * Working capital =Current assets / current liabilitiesYear 2014 2013 Workings 32986/32374 31304/27811 Ratio 1.02 1.25 Normally, a ratio that is less than 1 makes a company to face liquidity issues. Therefore, Coca-Cola Company is in a good position to settle its debtors and that it has no reason of selling its assets to pay debts and therefore the firm has no liquidity problems. CITATION Ano1411 \l 1033 (Anonymous, 2014) Ordinarily the greater the working capital, the more likely it will be to make its payments on time. Its competitor has working capital of 0.95 meaning it is facing liquidity problems. * Quick ratio. The quick ratio measures the firms ability to meet its short term obligations with its liquid assets. Quick ratio= {(Cur.Ass-Invt)/Cur.lia)Year 2014 2013 Workings 32986-3100/32374 31304-3277/27811 Ratio 1.01 1.00 Th is ratio 1 is good and it implies that the Coca cola Companys liquidity is in good position. On the other hand, its competitor 1.5 ratio puts it at competitive advantage. * Gross Profit Margin =Gross Profit/Total SalesYear 2014 2013 2012 Workings 28109/17889 28433/18421 28964/19053 Ratio 1.57 1.54 1.51 Gross margin has increased significantly meaning that the business is doing well and rising in profitability as the years progresses. This also implies that the company has a lot of money to spend on other business operations including marketing * Inventory Turnover =Cost of Sales/Average Inventory.Year 2014 2013 Workings 17889/3100/2 18421/3277/2 Ratio 11.5 11.6 This is a good indication of production and purchasing efficiency. A high ratio of 11 indicates inventory is selling quickly and that little unused inventory is being stored. There are no overstocking, obsolete inventories or selling issues. * Turnover =Revenue/Average Total Assets.Year 2014 2013 Workings 45998/92023/2 46854/ 90055/2 Ratio 1.04 .99 This rising ratio means that the Coca-Cola Company is using its assets more productively * Debt to Equity = Short Term Debt + Long Term Debt/Total Equity.Year 2014 2013 Workings 17889/3100/2 18421/3277/2 Ratio 11.5 11.6 The ratio is moderate and balanced, therefore the business is safe.Ordinarily, too much debt put the firm at risk, but too little debt may limit your potential. CITATION Pol08 \l 1033 (Gregor, 2008) Owners want to get some leverage on their investment to boost profits. This has to be balanced with the ability to service debt * Accounts Payable Turnover =Cost of Sales/Average Accounts Payable.

America s Expectations Regarding Public Education

Over the centuries, education has changed based on the demands of the citizens during a specific time. As Americans become more informed (educated), their opinions, ideas, and thinking change. America’s expectations concerning public education have evolved as well. The demands that are placed on states, districts, and leadership are becoming more intense; yet, our culture still believes that public education is faltering. Educating, empowering, and engaging students to be successful in a global, dynamic world is an overarching theme in the 21st century. However, our curricular standards are not keeping pace with the expansion of technology. School improvement is a topic of collegial conversations across the board and yet†¦show more content†¦So because of the lack of state and district support, leadership at the school level does not have the ability or the right setting to lead school improvement efficiently and effectively. This results in leadership trying to take an attitude of enforcing a top down approach with the policies and procedures placed in their hands and then defining them with a lack of focus. On the other hand, there is leadership with no clear direction or support from above, but expected to achieve the same unrealistic results. State departments of education must be able to build capacity within their state by providing districts the essentials for developing a clear vision of what their schools’ futures entail, and the necessary components of professional development for leadership and teachers to create their own goals at the local level. Once this is accomplished, states need to hold the districts and local levels accountable, including themselves. The states need to look at themselves on how they will be able to fix the dilemma of education within their districts. With pressure from the federal level, education leaders at the state level try to overhaul their schools with the approach of looking at individual failing schools instead of the issues across their districts. As long as a state remains focused on the wrong issues, schools will fail and those that are deemed as making yearly progress will only continue toShow MoreRelatedEssay On The Gettysburg Address1582 Words   |  7 Pagesillegal throughout the United States. African Americans faced more struggles after the adoption of the 13th Amendment, such as: discrimination, segregation, poor wages, denial of democratic rights, and poor education. It wasn’t until the 1950’s when change began for the treatment of African Americas. 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Acknowledging National Tobacco Strategy Through Social...

Irham Adhitya S 3617798 â€Å"Acknowledging National Tobacco Strategy through Social Democracy Lens â€Å" Introduction Australia is the world leader in tobacco control, as they became the first country that implemented plain package policy. Since December 2012, all tobacco products which are traded and brought to Australia must be in plain packaging in order to implement the National Tobacco Strategy (NTS) 2012 – 2018. (National Tobacco Strategy, 2012, p.27) The range of policies including health signs on packaging, mass media campaigns, bans on tobacco promotion, price increases, and controls on smoking and access to tobacco were implemented (ibid, p.1). As a result, 2014-2015 data shows that 14.5 percent aged 18 years and above were daily smokers (2.6 million adults), dropped from 16 percent in 2011-12. This reduction is a continuation of the trend over the past two decades. In 2001, 22.4 percent of adults smoked daily, while 23.8% of adults smoked daily in 1995 (Australian Bureau of Statistic, 2015). To recognise Australia’s successes in handling tobacco problems, this essay will use social democracy perspectives as key theoretical frameworks to the National Tobacco Strategy in Australia. According to its supporters, social democracy is the best way to organise an economic system or society because it seeks to peacefully build a healthy society (Judt, T, 2005). In this case, social democracy believes that smokers and the market are irrational and, therefore, the governmentShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pages978-1-4399-0270-7 (paper : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0271-4 (electronic) 1. History, Modern—20th century. 2. Twentieth century. 3. Social history—20th century. 4. World politics—20th century. I. Adas, Michael, 1943– II. American Historical Association. D421.E77 2010 909.82—dc22 2009052961 The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992 Printed in the UnitedRead More65 Successful Harvard Business School Application Essays 2nd Edition 147256 Words   |  190 Pagesthis book will help you to assess and celebrate your key experiences in a robust fashion. In the analyses, we consider each authors motivations, accomplishments, and shortcomings and assess whether they communicate them compellingly and credibly through their choices of content, structure, and style. We have selected essays that deliver the authors message in a way that stood out from the pack-your ultimate goal as an applicant. To do the same, concen.. trate on the frank analysis that follows eachRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagessystem. But much of the country was beginning to question in earnest the structure of colonial society by the early 1930s. The emergence of Rasta during that period corresponds with so much that was happening around the world. Rastas could tell that social unrest in Jamaica was going to lead to a movement away from colonial rule and, having heard Marcus Garvey speak of the importance of Africa to black people in the New World, found in his remarkable success as a leader of thousands in the UnitedRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesmymanagementlab is an online assessment and preparation solution for courses in Principles of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Read MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pages| www.bookaid.org | www.sabre.org Contents Preface Overview of the book’s structure 1 Introduction 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Learning objectives The nature of marketing The management process Strategic decisions and the nature of strategy The marketing/strategy interface Summary xi xiii 1 3 3 7 11 19 37 41 43 45 45 50 53 70 71 75 77 79 79 80 81 86 88 89 101 102 104 107 109 Stage One: Where are we now? Strategic and marketing analysis 2 Marketing auditing and the analysis of capability 2

A Long Way Gone Memoirs of a Boy Soldier example Essay Example For Students

A Long Way Gone: Memoirs of a Boy Soldier example Essay A Long Way Gone: Memoirs of a Boy Soldier Citation: Beah, Ishmael. A Long Way Gone: Memoirs of a Boy Soldier. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007. iBook. Tour of the Book: A Long Way Gone is memoirs about Ishmael Beah’s life as an innocent civilian, an African boy soldier, being rehabilitated, and his attempts to not be pulled back into the war. Since Beah didn’t separate the book, readers can really imagine how fast everything happened. If Beah separated before the war and the time he was a soldier, readers could start thinking that a month or even a year went by without any action. Subject: In the beginning of the book, Ishmael was an innocent 12-year-old boy. One day in January of 1993, Ishmael walked 12-miles to Mattru Jong, a neighboring village. He had heard of the war, but never knew how close it was. While in Mattru Jong, the rebels attacked. Ishmael was forced to run away from the war. He tried to escape and was had to live of off the land around him for more than a year. When Ishmael was 13, he was captured by the soldiers and was forced to join them. As a soldier, he was constantly given drugs, pain relievers, alcohol and watching gruesome war movies to keep him fighting and killing the rebels. Three years after becoming a soldier, his lieutenant chose Ishmael to go to rehab. After being rehabilitated, Ishmael’s uncle took him in. On May 25, 1997, the rebels attacked Freetown. He was able to escaped Sierra Leone and get to New York. Writing Style: Serious, Factual, Honest Purpose: Ishmael Beah revisited the painful memories of being a boy soldier to describe to try to prevent child soldiers. There were over 300,000 child soldiers in the Sierra Leone’s civil war. All 300,000 of those soldi. . gh school and collage in New York. Lesson: I learned, while reading this book, that revenge is never good. Ishmael Beach says â€Å"and revenge will never come to an end†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Beah 246). I agree with him. If I wanted to avenge my sister for taking a pen, I would take one of hers, and then she would take one of mine, then into a never-ending cycle of stealing pens. Although Ishmael was taking about killing for avenge, the idea is the same. Revenge cannot end. If I had asked my sister about the pen, we wouldn’t be in the never-ending cycle of revenge. Ishmael is trying to tell readers, revenge is not the answer to anything even if it seems like it is the thing to do. People: 1. Ishmael Beah is described as gentile hearted and sweet but forced to do horrible things. He is one of the 300,000 child soldiers who were victims of their childhood being stolen from them.

Philosophy Paper on Minority Report free essay sample

Minority Report As In the movie quote you dont chose the things you believe in, they choose you the quote basically says that we dont choose how to act on situations its faith who chooses what and how we act, also the movie states that faith can be changed with the right actions which are dependent on us for example from the movie When John went to kill Leo as his faith was shown In prediction of the future and still he manage to change his faith by the way he reacted towards the situation.From the movie we can take the example that faith can be changed and our actions writes the future. Also for freedom when John goes to meet Dry. Iris Hellman she quotes Its funny how all living organisms are alike when the chip are down, when the pressure Is on, every creature on the face of the Earth Is Interested In one thing and one thing only, Its own survival. We will write a custom essay sample on Philosophy Paper on Minority Report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the long run every man for him self, saying can be used. Cause every man thinks for himself when the pressure is on. And freedom I think we dont get much freedom because from the day we are born, we have our parents telling us what to do and what not to do, like we are not free for our choice that if we want to go to school or not its not our choice it is what our parents wants of course they want their children to be successful in life so that people in the society accept them for what they are.In the movie freewill is shown that the person have his way to choose on how to react to deferent situations like for John it was to prove his innocence he was searching for answers but after he got to know about Leo that he killed his son he acted with angry towards him and it was shown to him about his faith that he is going to commit ruder but in the end he controls himself and does not let anger take over him because of his actions he will have to suffer the consequences and he wanted to prove that he can change his faith and the prediction of the future.The conclusion is that freedom and freewill are sometime not an option for human being, I mean sometimes the human being have there freewill and freedom but not always, there is always someone or the other to them what they have to do and how they have to do. Philosophy Paper on Minority Report By cameraman As in the movie quote you dont chose the things you believe in, they choose you the went to kill Leo as his faith was shown in prediction of the future and still he manage Also for freedom when John goes to meet Dry.Iris Hangman she quotes Its funny how all living organisms are alike when the chip are down, when the pressure is on, every creature on the face of the Earth is interested in one thing and one thing only, Its own Survival.

The Experts Guide to the AP Calculus AB Exam

The Expert's Guide to the AP Calculus AB Exam SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you taking the AP Calculus AB exam this spring and want to be well prepared on test day?The AP Calculus AB exam in 2020 will be held on Tuesday, May 5, at 8 am. Before you sit down to take the exam, though, it’s critical that you know how the Calculus AB test is formatted, what topics it covers, and how you’ll be scored on it. This guide will go over all of that information while also showing you official sample problems and giving you tips on the best way to prepare for AP Calculus AB. The exam was updated in May 2017, sothis guide will explain what changes have been made and how they might affect your review.The AP Calculus AB exam can sometimes seem overwhelming, but we're here to break it down into clear and manageable information for you. Let’s get started! What’s the Format of the AP Calculus AB Exam? The AP Calculus AB exam is three hours and 15 minutes long and has two sections. Both of these sections are divided into two parts (based on whether or not a calculator is allowed). Multiple-Choice Section Here is an overview of the format of the AP Calculus AB multiple-choice section: 45 questions total One hour 45 minutes total Worth 50% of your total score Part A 30 questions 60 minutes No calculator allowed Part B 15 questions 45 minutes Calculator required Note that the AP Calculus AB exam has had small changes made to its format. Previously, Part A of the multiple-choice section had 28 questions, and Part B had 17 questions. Free-Response Section Here is a rundown of the format of the AP Calculus AB free-response section: Six questions total One hour 30 minutes total Worth 50% of your total score Part A Two questions 30 minutes Calculator required Part B Four questions 60 minutes No calculator allowed This can all look a little complicated, but basically, the AP Calculus AB exam consists of four parts. The first two are multiple choice, and the last two are free response. You are required to use a calculator for the middle two parts (one each for multiple choice and free response), but you may not use a calculator for the first and last parts of the exam. What Topics Does the AP Calculus AB Exam Cover? Content on the Calculus AB exam can be divided into three main topic areas, referred to by the College Board as Big Ideas.Within these three Big Ideas are more specific topics called Enduring Understandings (often abbreviated as â€Å"EU†). Each Enduring Understanding contains both Learning Objectives and Essential Knowledge that the student should have learned by the time of the exam. As I mentioned, there have been some updates to the AP Calculus AB exam. Fortunately, they’re relatively minor changes that mostly have to do with how the course framework is structured, and this will affect instructors of the course more than it will you.The only significant change to the content of the AP Calculus AB exam is that L’Hospital’s Rule will now be included on it- and students will be expected to understand and apply it. I’ve listed each of the Big Ideas and their Learning Objectives below,since these are the most relevant for students looking for what the exam covers. For the sake of length and clarity, I left out the Enduring Understandings and Essential Knowledge. If you’d like to see these, as well as more detailed information on the content covered by the exam, check out the officialAP Calculus AB Course Description. Still, know that the information below will give you a solid look at what you’re expected to know for the exam. Learning Objectives are listed below Big Ideas. These Learning Objectives are skills that students are expected to know how to do for the exam. Big Idea 1: Limits Express limits symbolically using correct notation Interpret limits expressed symbolically Estimate limits of functions Determine limits of functions Analyze functions for intervals of continuity or points of discontinuity Determine the applicability of important calculus theorems using continuity Big Idea 2: Derivatives Identify the derivative of a function as the limit of a difference quotient Estimate derivative Calculate derivatives Determine higher order derivatives Use derivatives to analyze properties of a function Recognize the connection between differentiability and continuity Interpret the meaning of a derivative within a problem Solve problems involving the slope of a tangent line Solve problems involving related rates, optimization, and rectilinear motion Solve problems involving rates of change in applied contexts Verify solutions to differential equations Estimate solutions to differential equations Apply the Mean Value Theorem to describe the behavior of a function over an interval Big Idea 3: Integrals and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Recognize antiderivatives of basic functions Interpret the definite integral as the limit of a Riemann sum Express the limit of a Riemann sum in integral notation Approximate a definite integral Calculate a definite integral using areas and properties of definite integrals Analyze functions defined by an integral Calculate antiderivatives Evaluate definite integrals Interpret the meaning of a definite integral within a problem Apply definite integrals to problems involving the average value of a function Apply definite integrals to problems involving motion Apply definite integrals to problems involving area and volume Use the definite integral to solve problems in various contexts Analyze differential equations to obtain general and specific solutions Interpret, create, and solve differential equations from problems in context AP Calculus AB Sample Questions Looking at sample questions is one of the best ways to get a feel for what the AP Calculus AB exam will be like. Here arefour sample questions, one from each part of the AP exam.Each of these questions was taken from the official AP Calculus AB Course Description, which you can look at for more complete answer explanations and additional sample problems. Multiple Choice (No Calculator) This question tests your ability to calculate derivatives. You'll need to use the chain rule to differentiate composite functions. The correct answer to this problem is B. Multiple Choice (Calculator Allowed) This question tests your ability to solve problems with rapid rates of change. You'll have to find the derivative in order to findthe rate of change of the temperature of the water. The correct answer is B. Free Response (Calculator Allowed) This question tests your knowledge of integrals. Parts A, B, and C are each worth 3 points. Free Response (No Calculator) This question tests your knowledge of multiple topics, including derivatives and integrals. You can receive up to 1 point for part A, 2 points for part B, and 3 points each for parts C and D. How Is the AP Calculus AB Exam Scored? As mentioned, the multiple-choice section and the free-response section are each worth 50% of your total exam score. For the multiple-choice section, you earn 1 point for each question you answer correctly. No points are deducted for incorrect answers, so you should answer every question! You can earn up to 45 points for this section. For the free-response section, each of the six questions is worth 9 points, so you can earn up to 54 points. Different parts of each question can beworth a different amount of points (for example, on one question you may be able to earn up to 1 point for part A, 3 points for part B, 3 points for part C, and 2 points for part D). After your points are added up for each of your sections, your AP Calculus AB score is converted to the standard AP scoring scale of 1-5.The exact formula for doing this can change slightly from year to year. However, in 2008, the process for converting raw AP scores to scaled scores involved multiplying the number of multiple-choice questions you answered correctly by 1.2272,and then adding that number to the points you received on the free-response section. This valueis rounded to the nearest whole number and becomes your composite score. Each AP score (from 1-5) corresponds to a range of composite scores. Below,you can see the conversion chart and score distributions for test takers from the 2018 Calculus AB exam: Composite Score Range AP Score % of Students Who Got Score 0-26 1 20.0% 27-38 2 22.4% 39-51 3 21.0% 52-67 4 17.3% 68-108 5 19.4% Source: The College Board 3 Tips for Preparing for the AP Calculus AB Exam Studying for the AP Calculus AB exam can be tough. Use these three tips to make your studying more effective and increase your chances of getting a great score. Tip 1: Memorize Important Formulas There are certain formulas for AP Calculus AB that you should have down pat.There's no formula sheet given on the AP exam, so you’ll have to memorize the formulas you'll need. Many teachers give out formula sheets for students to memorize. There are also various formula cheat sheets you can use to review before the exam. To find these, simply Google â€Å"AP Calculus AB formula sheet† and look at your options. In general, any formula you use regularly in class is a good one to memorize.Major formulas you should have memorized include those for limits, differentiation, and integration, as well as the fundamental theorems. Tip 2: Know How to Use Your Calculator You’re allowed to use your calculator for two of the four exam parts, and most of the questions in these two sections will be difficult, if not impossible, to solve without a graphing calculator. While it might seem obvious that you should know how to work your calculator, knowing exactly how and when to use its different functions can save you a lot of time on the exam and increase your chances of getting the correct answer. According to the College Board, the four calculator capabilities you’ll use the most during the AP Calculus AB exam and should easily be able to do with your calculator are as follows: Plot the graph of a function within an arbitrary viewing window Find the zeros of functions (solve equations numerically) Numerically calculate the derivative of a function Numerically calculate the value of a definite integral When you’re preparing for the exam, be sure that you know how to do each of these (completing practice problems can help!). Tip 3: Get Used to Showing All Your Work For most free-response questions on the AP Calculus AB test, the final answer to a problem is only worth 1-2 points out of a possible 9.This means that the majority of points are earned through intermediate steps of the problem- and if you don’t show how you reached those intermediate steps, you won’t get a high score on this section. Even if you get a correct answer by using your calculator, you have to write the setup (such as the equation being solved or the derivative being evaluated) as well as the answer in order to get credit for your work. You might be used to not writing down certain work that seems particularly obvious on homework and class tests. However, even if your teacher doesn’t mind, AP graders will. Remember that APgraders are more interested in how you reached your final answer than they are in what that final answer is, so get yourself in the habit of showing each step of your work well before exam time. Conclusion: What to Know About the AP Calculus AB Exam The AP Calculus AB exam can be intimidating if you don’t know what to expect.Knowing how the exam will be formatted and what types of questions it will ask can go a long way toward helping you feel more prepared and confident on test day. The exam has two sections, multiple-choice and free-response, which are each divided into two parts, based on whether or not you may use a calculator.Each of these sections is worth 50% of your total AP score. The exam itself covers three main topics: Limits Derivatives Integrals and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus In order to prepare for the AP Calculus AB exam in the best way, keep these three tips in mind during your review: Memorize important formulas Know how to use your calculator Get used to showing all your work What's Next? Now that you know what the AP Calculus AB exam covers, the next step is to practice!Read our guide to getlinks toevery Calculus AB practice test available online. Wondering how challenging other AP classes are? Learn what the easiest AP classesareand what the hardest AP classes are so that you know exactly what to expect! Not surewhich other math classes you should take? Math is often the trickiest school subject to choose classes for, but our guide will help you figure out exactly which math classes to take for each year of high school. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Parental Communication Initiative as An Answer to Most of the Social Essay - 1

Parental Communication Initiative as An Answer to Most of the Social Issues - Essay Example Talking about such topics should not be made hard especially when parents open up the communication lines with teenage offspring. If parents can talk to these teens, maybe the 2008 statistics where18% of who commits abortion is teenagers would have been lower (Jones, et al, 5). Presently, efforts are being made and 82% of parents are already taking time talking to their children about sex and sexuality according to the Planned Parenthood website. This may be the factor which can decrease the number of teenage pregnancies over the years. Numbers will not go down instantly though there will be changes. Same goes for those teens with different forms of vices and abusive habits which can affect not just the physical aspect but also the mental and social aspects of life. Parents should be the guide to the children especially those on the teenage years where a lot of changes do happen not just physically but almost the totality of a teenager’s personality. This is not to blame parents for the mistakes of the youth, yet this may awaken parents of what can be done for the improvement of humanity. Parents should also set an example to these teens on how to properly lead their lives. Sometimes children see parents having vices. When they reach their teenage years and more independence is experienced and practiced, these teenagers may have the perception that these vices are allowed and can be done which should not be the case. Something needs to be done to break the chain and improve the lives of those teenagers who will be future leaders. Things can still be changed and parents can still make it a point to talk to teenage kids every now and then. Teenagers have the tendencies though of being hard headed.

Theoretical Underpinning of two International Relations Theories Essay

Theoretical Underpinning of two International Relations Theories - Essay Example On the other hand, in â€Å"After America† Brzezinski looks at the imminent fall of the United States from being the leading power in the world (1). The writer focuses on which states are likely to take over from the United States, although he emphasizes that a unipolar world is no longer possible (1). There is also an analysis of how other states will react to the fall of the United states, for example, stating that most second world countries will seek to form regional blocks. Brzezinski is pessimistic about the future, without the United States at the top, and argues that power struggles will ensue between states, especially over regional politics (1). All the same, there is a correspondence between the two articles in that they both consider the future of international relations in the next ten or so years. In addition, the two articles point out the looming power gap that will be caused by the exit of the United States from the apex of global relations. Personally, Slaugh ter’s argument is more compelling since she gives room for non-biased assessment of international relations, after the end of the united state’s hegemony (1). ... argument, not because it is more liberal and thus more optimistic but because her assessment of international relations seems better researched, and the solutions given to the various problems seem more realistic. Considering Brzezinski’s argument, in comparison with that of Slaughter, it is clear that the theoretical assumptions between these two writers are different (1). While Slaughter views the next ten years using liberalist lenses, Brzezinski seems to be more oriented towards the realist perspective (1). Nevertheless, both articles seem to make valid points about the future of international relations as both concur that a unilateral system is no longer possible. This has helped me understand why there are so many countries on the rise, including China, Japan, and India. This phenomenon already tells of a multipolar international arena in the next 20 years. This is regardless of whether the world is viewed from a realist or liberalist point of view. Admittedly, the Unite d States will cease to be the super power in the next few years. This means that the United States will no longer be able to influence international policies. Therefore, it is important that the United States revises its domestic, regional, and international policies, in order to be able to with stand the impending change. Works cited Brzezinski, Zbigniew. After America, 2012. Web. 18 June 2013. Available at www.foreignpolicy.com. Slaughter, Anne-Marie. Problems Will Be Global -- And Solutions Will Be, Too, 2011. Web. 18 June 2013. Available at

Liverpool one shopping development Essay Example for Free

Liverpool one shopping development Essay Liverpool’s CBD needed regeneration for a variety of reasons. During WW2, it was bombed heavily, due to it being a major port for resources from the USA. During the 1960s, it was rebuilt too quickly and then fell into disrepair before 2000, when the design and infrastructure was outdated. Many parts of the city, especially the CBD suffered from urban decline, with its population dropping by 50% and 45% of its industry also leaving. In addition, Liverpool faced competition for shopping by nearby Manchester and Chester, as well as out-of-town shopping centres like the Trafford Centre. Therefore, Liverpool’s CBD needed regeneration to be more attractive to consumers, and regain its spot in the top 5 shopping destinations in the UK. Liverpool One, the project to rejuvenate Liverpool’s CBD was completed in 2008. It was opened in phases on 29 May and 1 October 2008, with the final residential lots opening in early 2009. In the same year, Liverpool was named as the European Capital of Culture. Its total cost is approximately ? 1billion, with 42 acres of Liverpool city centre being redeveloped. It includes 3000 parking spaces, 169 stores or services, as well as a 5 acre park, and 500 new apartments. It also contains a 14-screen cinema and a 36-hole adventure golf centre. Shops present include Debenhams, John Lewis, Ted Baker, Waterstones, Starbucks, Topshop and Caffe Nero. These are all mainly comparison, high-order goods which are chain stores. The area is indoor, yet also mainly open-air. It is of a modern design, and is two storeys tall. There are many cafes and food areas, with many benches. There are also electronic maps and information panels across the centre. The pedestrian areas are wide and escalators are available to proceed to the higher floors. There have also been other improvements in the CBD, such as the rejuvenation of the Docks and the introduction of the Merseytram tram line in the CBD. As well as this, many roads and smaller streets in Liverpool have been rejuvenated and rebuilt as part of the redevelopments. Areas such as Princes Dock and the Kings Waterfront have seen heavy redevelopments. These have been to attract more tourists and shoppers to the CBD. The project has overall been successful as of yet, with 83% of consumers thinking that the city centre has improved. 91% of people said they were likely to return to Liverpool, and enjoyed the experience. And now, 40% of the shops in Liverpool One are new to the city, showing the popularity of the area. The previously redeveloped Albert Dock has been receiving an extra 100000 visitors per week, with Liverpool One itself receiving over 120000 visitors in the first day, and 13 million in the first year. It is safe the say the rejuvenation of Liverpool’s CBD has been a success, and that Liverpool One has played a big part in reversing the effect of urban decline.

Samuel Seabury :: essays research papers

Born in Groton, Conn., Samuel Seabury was the son of the Reverend Samuel Seabury Sr. His Father was a pioneer of New England Anglicanism who followed the example of Samuel Johnson. Samuel Jr.,broke away from the Congregationalists and pursued Anglican ordination. He graduated from Yale in 1744 and received his B.A in 1748. He married Abigail Mumford and went abroad in 1784 to obtain consecration as an Anglican Priest. On December 23, 1753, Samuel Seabury was ordained a deacon and two days later a priest of the Anglican Church. He was licensed by the church to preach in New Jersey. He preached in various places, but none suited his fancy. A preacher in Westchester was charged with drunkenness and sexual assault, which opened up the preaching position. Samuel filled the position and preached in an uneventful ministry. He also ran a school in Westchester. As the tensions between Britain and the colonies grew stronger, Samuel stayed loyal to the crown. He viewed the American government as very primitive and dependent on the British government. When talk of the First Continental Congress arose, he began to voice his opinion. He tried to stop the election of the delegates by writing various pamphlets. His attempt proved futile and the delegates were elected and met together on that fateful day in Philadelphia when a new nation was envisioned. Now Samuel began to take more courageous steps in preventing the breaking away of the colonies. He wrote â€Å"Westchester Farmer† ,a compilation of five essays reasoning why the colonies should stay with the English. The five essays were Free Thoughts on the Proceedings of the Congress, The Congress Canvassed, Free Thoughts in the Full Vindication of the Congress, A View of Controversy, The Republican Dissected. Some of the writings were directed towards New Yorkers and local farmers. He beg ged the New York legislature to reject the laws of the â€Å"enthusiastic republicans† and was quoted as saying, †The Congress is in the power of a faction using a mob to carry out its purposes†. The other writings were a rebuttal or defense to Alexander Hamilton’s attack. Hamilton was a student at the time when the pamphlets came out and he wrote The Farmer Refuted, a pamphlet opposing Seabury’s loyalist views. The news spread like wild fire and four of the pamphlets were printed in newspapers across the colonies. Samuel was branded a loyalist right away and this unintentionally made him some enemies.

Information Privacy Security: TJX Data Breach Crisis and Lessons

Introduction Protecting the privacy of consumer personal information continues to pose significant challenges for organisations. The complexity is aggravated by consumers’ vulnerability that comes about when they are unable to control the usage of personal information they share with business organisations. Given the importance of information privacy, there has been a host of privacy research focusing on the organisational decisions regarding the use and reuse of consumer personal information (Schwartz, 2009; Greenaway and Chan, 2005). Culnan et al (2008) observes that the emerging decentralisation of technology environment has posed additional privacy challenge: data breaches. Currently, it is only the United States that requires organisations to give formal notice in the event of data breach (Morley, 2014). European Union and its member countries are yet to establish any legal requirements for organisations to notify consumers of any data breach, thereby leaving such eventuality at the f ate of an organisation’s management. Without any notification laws, data breaches remain private and under the discretion of the affected organization. Therefore, this paper focuses on one of the most prominent data security breaches that the world has ever witnessed: TJX data privacy breach crisis, in the context of, ethical principles and theories, legal, professional and social issues. . The Information Privacy Concept According to Xu et al. (2008), the concept of information privacy is multidimensional in nature and is largely dependent on the context as well as personal experiences. Although others see information privacy as full of definition ambiguity (Schwartz, 2009), others have defined consumer personal information as being made up of data generated when consumers conduct transactions. The problems of privacy often emerge from how this consumer information is stored, analysed, used, or shared (FTC, 2008). Information on how to address problems related to privacy management is limited due to minimal research in the area, particularly those issues dealing with management responsibilities on social issues. For example, there is limited research on how organisations should deal with consumers’ personal identifiable information, the role of managers in the protecting the consumer data and the moral duty of every party involved in the handling or accessing consumer data. Overview of TJX Data Breach TJX is a US-based off-price retailer operating over 2,400 stores in various countries and regions including US, Puerto Rico, Canada, and Europe. In the network of stores, the retailer collects and store customer information that would authorize purchases via payment cards, personal cheques , and processing of merchandise returned without a receipt. This violated the legal requirement that prohibits any business from retaining sensitive consumer card information, including the magnetic strips on credit cards (Smedinghoff and Hamady, 2008). In addition, the breach exposed TJX’s failure to observe basic ethical and professional principles. The revelation emerged when in 2007 TJX issued a press release stating that criminals had intruded their data system and stolen over 45 million consumers’ card information within a period of 18 months (FTC, 2008). Although the TJX filed Form 8-K disclosure statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission as required by the law, the company was widely held to be at fault for the breach. The company was accused of breaching the law by storing unencrypted sensitive consumer information, for their failure to limit unauthorised access to the massive data via their wireless network, and the inability to establish adequate security measures within its networks among other issues (FTC, 2008). The Legal and social Issues in the TJX Data Breach The current global data protection guideline is based on the Fair Information Practices (FIPs), which deal with individual rights and organisational responsibilities with regard to management of consumer data (Morley, 2014). In other words, how responsibly the data is used is a pointer to the social expectations with regards to consumer data use. FIPs attempts to put a certain level of balance between the competing business and individual interests in terms of legitimate use of personal information, which serves as the foundation for privacy laws and industry-specific regulatory programmes. In this respect, FIPs lays the foundation for organisations on how to be socially responsible in dealing with privacy issues. On the other hand, the adoption of these guidelines lays the foundations for evaluation by the external audiences on an organisation’s degree of responsiveness (Allen, 2011). There is a general consensus that responsible data management practice is paramount in every organisation (Morley, 2014). However, there is no consensus about how the implementation of individual principles should be carried out. Schwartz (2009, p.1) observes that in most parts of the world, â€Å"fair information practices are implemented through omnibus laws.† Curiously, the United States has no comprehensive laws that compel organisations to observe fair information practice, but instead developed sectoral laws and regulations to consumer privacy protection with laws being enacted in response to issues arising from specific industries. The challenge that comes with this approach is that there is uneven practice in terms of operations and implementations. Moreover, the TJX issue exposed some glaring weaknesses in the implementation of FIP laws and regulations based on the principles of notice, choice, access, security, and sanctions for noncompliance (Culnan, et al., 2008). The effectiveness of data privacy management for organisations that collect, store, and use consumer personal data is curtailed by other issues including unclear law or policy, varied jurisdictions, and differences in data type. The challenge may be further aggravated by conflicting regional or state laws (Allen, 2011). The breaches in the TJX case involved unauthorised access to consumer personal information, which resulted in a variety of risks towards consumer personal information. Nevertheless, there is a general agreement within the statutory laws and regulations that every organisation should ensure there is duty of care with regards to information they collect and store based on consumer’s vulnerability and the actual possibility of harm (Allen, 2011). Allen (2011) observes that although organisations that comply with government regulations are considered legitimate, and readily accepted by their external environment, including partners, this milestone is not easily achievable given the above challenges. For example, the term ‘reasonable procedure†™ as stated in most sectoral data protection regulations does not specify what is actually ‘reasonable’, which may vary depending on the nature and size of the organisation, the types of information it captures and stores, the security equipments and tools in the possession of the organisation, and the nature of risk at display. There has been criticism in regards to the prevailing laws and regulations because they are seen as reactive and outdated at the time when they are enacted (Morley, 2014). The other complaint is that most of privacy violation issues are only detected after the damage is done, thus doing little to reverse the loss on the affected consumers. The Moral Issues and Responsibilities Information ethics is based on the collection, use, and management of information (Morley, 2014). As technology becomes increasingly complex, it is evident that ethical problems related to these developments continue to increase. However, the normative theories (stockholder, stakeholder, and social contracts) used to address the prevailing challenges remain less developed, with many institutions only relying on bare legal minimum requirements in relation to consumer data protection (Culnan, et al., 2008). Morley (2014) observes that these theories are distinct and incompatible with regards to the obligations of a business person. Taking into consideration the large social and financial impact of privacy breach as observed in the TJX case, there are mainly two aspects of moral issues that are central to the data privacy: vulnerability and harm avoidance. The concept of vulnerability highlights most of society’s moral intuitions, with the inherent scenario where one party is at disadvantage with regard to the other party in terms of data collection and use. This situation emerged because one party lacked the capacity to control the information givento the other party. Solove (2007) observed that the root cause of large-scale privacy invasions is embedded inthe lack of information control by the giver. In the case of TJX, consumers suffered outright vulnerability, although they expected TJX to protect their card information with a proper mechanism in place. On the other hand, avoiding harm involves the need for managers to avoid using consumer data to harm the vulnerable consumer socially and financially. Many have argued that it is the responsibility of the managers to take a minimum moral standing to ensure no harm is done in the treatment of consumer information (Culnan, et al., 2008). Conclusion Information privacy is an important issue in the modern business environment. In order to protect consumer information, managers must learn to strike a balance between consumer privacy and business interests by constantly adhering to the principle of protecting the vulnerable consumer and not causing harm to them through their personal information. It is important to note that TJX caused harm when their consumer personal data were stolen by a third party intruder. Although TJX violated industry rules, it is more significant to highlight that the company’s failure to observe moral responsibility in the protection of consumer data should be viewed as more detrimental to the company. Businesses are expected to follow basic ethical principles in managing business activities. While we can argue that the TJX data breach saga received the attention because of the United State’s comprehensive formal notice requirements within the laws on privacy data management, it is also appa rent that personal data protection is beyond the laws and regulations and requires ethical foundations within the organisations. The need to integrate ethical reasoning into the privacy programmes of every organisation is paramount (Xu et al., 2008). We can argue that integrating moral responsibility within organisations will not only establish ethical standards for the organisations, but is growingly becoming a necessity considering the challenges surrounding the implementation of legal requirements. Furthermore, considering that consumers are vulnerable and are unable to control how businesses use their personal information, it is the moral responsibilities of every organisation to go beyond bare minimum legal compliance. That is, each organisation needs to take reasonable precaution when handling consumer data and ensure no harm is caused with this kind of data. References Allen, A. (2011). Unpopular Privacy: What Must We HideOxford: Oxford University Press. Culnan, M. J., Foxman, E. R., and Ray, A. W. (2008). â€Å"Why ITExecutives Should Help Employees Secure Their Home Com- puters,† MIS Quarterly Executive (7:1), March, pp. 49-55. Federal Trade Commission (FTC). (2008). â€Å"Press Release: Agency Announces Settlement of Separate Actions Against Retailer TJX, and Data Brokers Reed Elsevier and Seisint for Failing to Provide Adequate Security for Consumers’ Data,† March 27(available at http://www.ftc.gov/opa/2008/03/datasec.shtm; accessed November 29, 2014). Greenaway, K. E., and Chan, Y. E. (2005). â€Å"Theoretical Explana-tions of Firms’ Information Privacy Behaviors,† Journal of the Association for Information Systems (6:6), pp. 171-198. Morley, D. (2014). Understanding Computers in a Changing Society. Chicago: Cengage Learning. Schwartz, M. (2009). â€Å"Europe Debates Mandatory Data Breach Notifications.† The Privacy Advisor (9:2), p. 1. Smedinghoff, T. J., and Hamady, L. E. (2008). â€Å"New State Regula-tions Signal Significant Expansion of Corporate Data SecurityObligations,† BNA Privacy and Security Law Report (7), October 20, p. 1518. Solove, D. (2007). â€Å"The New Vulnerability: Data Security andPersonal Information,† in Securing Privacy in the Internet Age, A. Chander, L. Gelman, and M. J. Radin (eds.), Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, pp. 111-136. Xu, H., Dinev, T., Smith, H. J., and Hart, P. (2008). â€Å"Examining the Formation of Individual’s Privacy Concerns: Toward an Integra-tive View,† in Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Information Systems, Paris (available at http://aisel.aisnet.org/icis2008/6; accessed October 29, 2014).

Globalization And International Trade Theory - 1203 Words

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